OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Ottoman Empire or the Ottoman Empire was established by the Children of Uthman, who for two centuries its power, has led eight sultan, before eventually expanding to some Arab country. Identical to its predecessor the Ottoman Empire, Seljuk Turks and tribes such as Huns. They come from the descendants of the Mongol or Thurani, which penetrated into Europe in the 5th century AD. They were born and raised in North and Central Asia. Shared the same ethnic Bulgarian nation, which penetrated into Eastern Europe, and settled there in the 7th century AD and 9. Ottoman Turkey was the last Asian ethnicity who penetrated and inhabit Europe, even the most important and most powerful Mongol state in history.
Early History and The Glory
In the mid-13th century, Ottoman Turkey was one of the small tribes in Central Asia under the leadership Ertoghul, chieftain of the Ottoman Empire - along the Central Asia, near Ankara. Leaders of small tribes are participating in the war between the Roman Empire and the Rum Seljuk Dynasty, based in Iconium led Sultan 'Alauddin, and finally Ertoghul and its allies won the war. Ertoghul small tribes and that is the embryo of the Ottoman Empire. He is the father of Uthman, whose name is used as the name of the country had built (in Arabic script ʿ Uthman, عثمان).
After Ertoghul died 1288, son Utsmanlah the place. He is known as a courageous leader who defeated the neighboring tribes and breeds. This prompted the Sultan 'Alauddin appointed him as leader and made him ruler stands alone in the conquered territory.
In 1300 the Mongols attacked and destroyed the Seljuk Sultanate in Asia Minor. Sultan 'Alauddinpun died and every ethnic divorce disarray, including Uthman. From there his power to grow until he heard the conquest of Bursa, when about to die. Uthman gave great attention to the structuring of the army and government and its name used as name of the country, which he founded.
Uthman died in 1326 and replaced by his son Ourkhan, who successfully took over the Exchange, and made it the capital of this new country. With this he has approached his ambition to occupy Constantinople, the capital of Byzantium.
Before the inter-war lasted - that a young country, strong and ambitious to expand his power, the other old countries which slipped - Ourkhan occupy Izmir first. He saw the importance of reform, which later influenced the Ottoman Turkish victory, the first in Asia Minor and Europe. He was attacked and robbed Nicomedia and Nicea and other Asian countries and the Byzantines. For 20 years, he cemented pillar of his administration, improve business in the country and form a new armed forces, called Yennisari, which in time became the backbone of the imperial forces, in war and conquest.
The next Sultan Murad I (1359-1389), he captured Adranah (1361), Sofia (1383), and the 1389 Kosovo war to defeat Serbia. He replaced Bajazet I (1389-1403) who conquered Bulgaria, France and Germany (1393). Year 1402, from Mongolia Tamerlane conquered Ankara and Bajazet I captured, but eventually he was released. Bajazet I replaced respectively by Suleiman I (1403-1411), Moses (1411-1413), and Halabi Mehmed / Mehmed I (1413-1421). Mehmed I Murad II replaced. He beat back the conquered areas of Tamerlane (1422-1428) and Albania (1431).
Having ascended the throne in 1451, the son of Murad II Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (1453) and make it an Islamic state. Therefore he was known as Mehmed the Conqueror. The city of Constantinople made the capital of the empire and become the starting point of European conquest plan, after halted due to the death of Abdurrohmanul Ghofiqi in southern France. Mehmed the Penaklukpun beat Murrah, Serbia (1458-1460) and Bosnia (1462). He also attacked Italy, Hungary, and Germany. Finally Thorabzun and Cream in Asia ditundukkannya. He also conquered some Greek islands (1480). He also re-conquer Germany and some regions of Italy, but finally managed to conquer death before Rhodesia.
He was replaced by his son Bajazet II (1481) who successfully defeated the fleet Bunduqiyah. His rule is handed over to his son Selim I (1512), which by some is seen as the biggest sovereign, got the victory and conquest that much. He attacked the Safavid empire, led by Shah Ismail I (1502-1524) who tried to spread the Shiite sect and develop the power to Iraq's Persian. Shah Ismail was defeated in Galadiran, near Tibriz (1514). Sultan Selim I then occupied Kurdistan Diyarbakir and that is the first step to conquer Syria and Egypt, along with victories in Dabiq Maraj (1516) and Roidaniyah. At that time the Islamic caliphate has passed into his hands according to Islamic law after the caliph al-Mutawakkil 'Alalloh III (1508-1517) handed over the reins of the Caliphate to him. Sultan Salim I officially become Muslim caliph since 1517. He died after 8 years in power. Sharif of Mecca was also handed the keys of Mecca and Medina to him.
After that he replaced caliph Suleiman II (1520-1566). His tenure is considered as the era terjaya caliphate revival thanks to science that followed the discovery of scientific and geographical Europe, while the empire was left of European countries in the fields of military, science, and politics. He conquered the largest church in Belgrade and there converted into mosques where the caliph founded the Friday prayers (1521). With reason to liberate themselves from the forces Knights of St. John (1521) he conquered Rhodesia. Buda opened and King Louis was killed in battle Mouckhaz (1526). He also conquered Armenia and Iraq to the fleet in seluru peraran kekholifahan sea began the White Sea, Red Sea to the Indian Ocean, although its strength has not been able to defeat the Knights of St.. John, the ruler of Malta. The islands are giving the army of Charles V during the caliphate of the Ottoman Empire was expelled from Rhodesia (1522).
Austria acquisition of Buda in 1527, but were eventually conquered Buda and Austria retreated again, and besieged Vienna without successfully conquered (1529). 1534 Tabriz conquered again. Tunisia seized from Spain and conquered the island of Crete (1535). Khilafahpun peace with Austria who agree to pay jizya (1539). Pest (1541), Niche (1543), Spain (1560), Malta (1565) and Szeged (1566) is a number of areas that successfully seized by the Turkish Ottoman empire.
Historians agree, Suleiman II era is the era greatness and glory of the Ottoman Caliphate. Only in 3 centuries, this small tribe managed to spread its wings from the Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. Conquest stretching from Mecca to Buda and Pest on one side and from Baghdad (1534) to the Algerian (1532) on the other. Two beaches, north and south, the Black Sea was in power. Most of the Austrian and Hungarian empire also includes his realm. His power has reached the North African country from Syria to Morocco. After Suleiman II died in 1566, khilafahpun constantly declining.
Towards the Collapse of the Political Situation
Politics here is divided into 2. First of domestic politics, the meaning is the application of Islamic law in its territory; regulate mu `amalat, hudud and enforce legal sanctions, to maintain morality, public affairs according to Islamic law, ensure the implementation of syi'ar and worship. All these procedures implemented by Islam.
There are 2 factors that make the Turkish Ottoman empire retreated. First, poor understanding of Islam. Second, one practice Islam. Actually, both of the above can be overcome when kekholifahan strongman held high and his faith, but this opportunity is not utilized properly. Suleiman II, who was nicknamed al-Qonun, for his services to adopt the Act as the caliphate system, which at that time was the strongest empire-even formulate laws according to a particular sect, namely Hanafi sect, with a book of his meeting Various written Ocean Ibrohimul Halabi (1549). Though not a state school of Islamic caliphate, so all schools of Islam has a place in one country and not just a sect. By not exploited this golden opportunity to repair, 2 things had not improved. Example: with the Act taken by Suleiman II, the supposed irregularities in the appointment of caliph could be avoided, but this law untouched. The effect, after the end of the power Suleimanul Qonun, who became caliph instead of the poor, such as Sultan Mustafa I (1617), Osman II (1617-1621), Murad IV (1622-1640), Ibrahim bin Ahmed (1639-1648), Mehmed IV (1648-1687), Suleiman III (1687-1690), Ahmed II (1690-1694), Mustafa II (1694-1703), Ahmed III (1703-1730), Mahmud I (1730-1754), Osman III (1754 -1787), Mustafa III (1757-1773), and Abdul Hamid I (1773-1788). This is what makes the military, which was formed Yennisari-Sultan Ourkhan rebel-time (1525, 1632, 1727, and 1826), so they disbanded (1785). In addition, majemuknya people in terms of religion, ethnicity and sect berintelektual need strong rulers. Thus, these weak leaders Druz trigger rebellion led by Fakhruddin bin al-Ma'ni.
This is what makes foreign policy caliphate and jihad-preaching-stop since the 17th century, so Yennisari enlarged, more than regular government troops and peawai, while state revenues declined. This made the empire collapsed because of bribery and corruption. The guardians and high employee utilize his position to become sycophants and stacker treasure. Coupled with the decline in tax from the Far East across the empire, after the discovery of the main route that is safe, so they can direct to Europe. This makes the caliphate depressed currency, while state revenue sources such as mine, could not cover the growing needs money.
The second half of the 16th century, there was a monetary crisis as gold and silver carried to the land of Middle White Sea from the New World via Spanish colonial. The currency slumped the empire at that time; infasi great. Baroh currency was launched caliphate in 1620 still failed to tackle inflation. Qisry currency went out in the 17th century. This is what makes Utsmaniah in Yemen rebel forces in the second half of the 16th century. As a result of corruption countries should take on debt 300 million lire.
With no exercise of foreign policy of Islamic da'wah and jihad-jihad-understanding as a way to carry out domestic Islamic ideology disappear from the minds of Muslims and the caliph. This is seen when Sultan Abdul Hamid I / Sultan Abdul Hamid Khan asked Shaykh al-Azhar read Shohihul Bukhari in al-Azhar for Allah SWT win over Russia (1788). Sultanpun ask the Governor of Egypt was to select 10 scholars from all schools read a book every day.
Since the fall of Constantinople in the 15th century, European-Christians see it as the beginning of the Eastern problem, until the 16th century when the conquest of the Balkans, such as Bosnia, Albania, Greece and the Ionian islands. This makes the Pope Paul V (1566-1572) unite the war-torn European inter-religious fellow Christians, namely the Protestant and Catholic. This conflict ended after the Conference Westafalia (1667). At that time, the conquest of empire stalled. Indeed, after the defeat of the empire over Europe in the fight of Lepanto (1571), empire only defend its territory. It used to beat Austria and Venice caliphate. In Carlowitz Agreement (1699), the territory of Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Hemenietz, Padolia, Ukraine, Morea, and part of Dalmatia off, each into the hands of Venice and the Habsburgs. In fact, the caliphate had lost its territory in Europe during the Crimean War (19th century), and added after the Treaty of San Stefano tragic (1878) and Berlin (1887).
Facing decline, the empire has to reform (the 17th century, etc.). But low understanding of Islam to make the reform a failure. Because at that time the empire could not distinguish science and technology with a civilization and thought. This makes the emergence of new structures in the country, namely the prime minister, an unknown Islamic history except when influenced Western democracy that began to seep into the body of the Khilafah. At that time, the ruler and the Shaykh al Islam began to open to democracy through a controversial fatwa Shaykh al Islam. In fact, after the formation of the Board Tanzimat (1839 AD) is increasingly kokohlah Western thought, after the drafting of several laws, such as the Law of Criminal Procedure (1840), and Trade Act (1850), plus the formulation of the Constitution of 1876 by the Young Turk Movement, which sought to limit the functions and powers caliph.
Conspiracy to destroy the Khilafah
In the country, Ahlu dhimma-especially Christians-who have the privilege of Suleiman II era, eventually demanding equal rights with Muslims. In fact, this privilege is used to protect the provocateurs and foreign intelligence with a guarantee agreement between the Byzantine empire (1521), France (1535), and England (1580). With this privilege, the number of Christians and Jews increased in the country. It used missionary movement, which began running since the 16th century. Malta was chosen as the center of his movement. From there they infiltrate into Syria (1620) and lived there until 1773. In the midst of World intellectual decline of Islam, they founded the study center as a front moves. Assessment center is mostly owned by British, French, and the United States, the West used to carry out its intellectual leadership in the Muslim world, accompanied by attacks on Islamic thought. This attack has long prepared the Western Orientalists, who founded the Center for Eastern Studies since the 14th century.
Missionary and orientalist movement was part and parcel of Western imperialism in the Muslim world. To master it - to borrow a phrase of Imam al-Ghozali - Islam as a principle should be destroyed, and the Islamic caliphate had collapsed. To achieve the first goal, missionary and orientalist attack directed to attack the Islamic thought, whereas to achieve the second goal, they breathe nationalism and to stigmatize the caliphate as the Sick. For strength caliphate paralyzed, so that for a single blow could fall, we conducted an intensive effort to separate from other Arabs by the caliphate. From here, born of patriotism and nationalism movement in the Islamic World. In fact, the religious movement did not escape the attack, such as the Wahhabi movement in the Hijaz. Since the mid-18th-century English movement exploited - through his agent Ibn Sa'ud - to spark the rebellion in some areas of the Hijaz DSK, which previously failed to do the British over the tribal movement. Even so, this movement could eventually dammed in several areas by the empire of Mehmed Ali Pasha passed, the governor of Egypt who was an agent-French French-supported. In Europe, the territory controlled by the empire provoked to revolt (19-20 centuries), like the case of Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, Armenia and the last Balkan crisis, so that the Ottoman empire lost much territory, and the only remaining Turkish.
Nationalism and separatism has been propagated European countries like Britain, France, and Russia. It aims to destroy the Islamic caliphate. Its success using nationalism and separatism sentiments in Serbia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Greece encouraged to use the same way throughout the empire. However, this effort focused on Arabs and Turkey. Meanwhile, British and French Embassy in Istanbul and the caliphate base areas-such as Baghdad, Damascus, Beirut, Cairo, and Jeddah, has become a controller. To be successful the mission, built the two headquarters. First, the Beirut headquarters, in charge of long-term role, ie changing the sons and daughters of Muslims to be infidels and change the Islamic system so kufr system. Second, the Istanbul headquarters, in charge of short-term play, which is a lethal blow to the empire.
Embassy Eropapun countries started to actively build a relationship with the Arabs. Decentralization Party in Cairo was established, chaired Rofiqul 'Adzim. In Beirut, the Reform Committee and the Forum Literal formed. Britain and France began to infiltrate into the middle of the fight for Arab nationalism. On June 8, 1913, the Arab youth in Paris and announced berkongres Arab nationalism. Documents found at the French Consulate Damascus has disrupted the plans of treason to the empire supported the British and French.
At Headquarters Istanbul, European countries are not only satisfied destroy the sons and daughters of Muslims in schools and universities through propaganda. They want to hit the empire from a landslide near. The trick is to change the system of government and Islamic law with Western governments and the legal system of kufr. The campaign started Rashid Pasha, the Foreign Secretary Sultan Abdul Mejid II era (1839). That same year, Honourable Manuscript (Kholkhonah)-which was traced from the Law in the European-introduced. 1855, European countries-especially British-Ottoman caliphate forced to amend the Constitution, which was issued Manuscript Hemayun (February 11, 1855). Midhat Pasha, a member of the Free Psychotherapy appointed prime minister (1 September 1876). He formed an Ad Hoc committee preparing the Constitution according to the Belgian Constitution. This is what is known as the Constitution of 1876. However, this constitution was rejected Sultan Abdul Hamid II and the Sublime Port-was reluctant to do that because it considered contrary to the shari'ah. Midhat Pashapun fired from the position of prime minister. Young Turks at Salonika-based Jewish community center Dunamah-rebel (1908). Caliph forced a run-Berlin Conference decision-Constitution announced that the Young Turks was published in Salonika, then dibukukanlah first parliament in the Turkish Ottoman empire (17 November 1908). Working closely with Shaykh al Islam, Sultan Abdul Hamid II was fired from his post, and exiled to Salonika. Since then the system of Islamic rule ended.
It seems that Britain has not been satisfied to destroy the Ottoman caliphate in total. World War I (1914) used to attack British occupied Istanbul and Gallipoli. From here the famous Dardanelles campaign was beginning to be waged. British occupation in this area is also used to boost the popularity of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who deliberately raised as a hero in the War of Ana Forta (1915). He-British agent, a descendant of the Salonika Jewish Dunamah British-do-do, namely perform kufr revolution to destroy the Islamic caliphate. He held a National Congress in Sivas and spawned the Declaration of Sivas (1919 AD), which sparked an independent Turkey and other Islamic country from invaders, as well as remove it from the Ottoman territory. Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, etc. The national consensus so that declaring independence. When the sentiment of nationality add condensed with the birth of Pan-Turkism and Pan Arabism, each demanding independence and self-determination on behalf of his people, not on behalf of Muslims.
The collapse of the Ottoman Empire
Since 1920, Mustafa Kemal Pasha made Ankara as the center of political activity. After mastering Istanbul, the British created a political vacuum, with captivating many state officials and close the offices by force so that the caliph and his government assistance stagnates. Instability occurs in the country, while public opinion sided with cornering caliph and the nationalists. This situation is exploited Mustafa Kemal Pasha to form a Council of National Representatives - and he crowned himself as its chairman - that there are 2 government; caliphate government in Istanbul and the administration of the National Representative Council in Ankara. Despite the added strong position, Mustafa Kemal Pasha still did not dare dissolve the caliphate. National Representative Council only propose the concept of separating the empire with the government. However, after long debate in the Council of National Representatives, the concept was rejected. Pengusulnyapun looking for an excuse to dissolve the Council of National Representatives in many cases involve bloodshed. After the mounting crisis, the National Representative Council is proposed to appoint Mustafa Kemal Pasha as head of parliament, which is expected to resolve this critical condition.
Once officially elected to be speaker of parliament, Pasha announced its policy, namely changing the caliphate system to the republic, headed by a president chosen through elections. On 29 November 1923, he was elected parliament as the first president of Turkey. But his ambition to dissolve the empire that has been corrupted terintangi. He is considered an apostate, and the people supporting the Sultan Abdul Mejid II, as well as trying to restore power. This threat did not dampen step Mustafa Kemal Pasha. Instead, he fought back with political tactics and ideas that call that the opponents of the republican system is the traitor of the nation and he did reign of terror to maintain the system. Caliph portrayed as foreign allies who should be cast out.
Once an atmosphere conducive state, Mustafa Kemal Pasha entered the National Representative Council meeting. Right March 3, 1924 AD, he fired a caliph, dissolve the caliphate system, and eliminate Islam from the state system. It is regarded as the climax point of the revolution of Mustafa Kemal Pasha.
* Osman I (1281-1326; bey) * Orhan I (1326-1359; bey) * Murad I (1359-1389; sultan since 1383) * Beyazid I (1389-1402) * Interregnum (1402-1413) * Mehmed I (1413-1421) * Murad II (1421-1444) (1445-1451) * Mehmed II (the Lord) (1444-1445) (1451-1481) * Beyazid II (1481-1512) * Selim I (1512-1520) * Suleiman I (the Great) (1520-1566) * Selim II (1566-1574) * Murad III (1574-1595) * Mehmed III (1595-1603) * Ahmed I (1603-1617) * Mustafa I (1617-1618) * Osman II (1618-1622) * Mustafa I (1622-1623) * Murad IV (1623-1640) * Ibrahim I (1640-1648)


* Mehmed IV (1648-1687) * Suleiman II (1687-1691) * Ahmed II (1691-1695) * Mustafa II (1695-1703) * Ahmed III (1703-1730) * Mahmud I (1730-1754) * Osman III (1754-1757) * Mustafa III (1757-1774) * Abd-ul-Hamid I (1774-1789) * Selim III (1789-1807) * Mustafa IV (1807-1808) * Mahmud II (1808-1839) * Abd-ul-Mejid (1839-1861) * Abd-ul-Aziz (1861-1876) * Murad V (1876) * Abd-ul-Hamid II (1876-1909) * Mehmed V (Reşad) (1909-1918) * Mehmed VI (Vahideddin) (1918-1922) * Abdul Mejid II, (1922-1924; just as the Caliph)
(source :www.pswdrift.blogspot.com)